How to Write Archeology Essay Guide Tips - Bestessay4u

Archaeology is the study of the human past through analyzing material remains such as artifacts to construct and understand human behaviors and culture. It involves excavating of prehistory and history archaeological sites in pursuit of the fossils remaining such as tools, paintings, etc. to understand the human civilization. Learning how to write this kind of essay is crucial if you are pursuing an archeology study or a related course. So when working on such an essay, you should conduct profound research to provide evidence and proof your argument. In this text, you will find all the details and secrets to writing an excellent archeology paper. What Is Archeology Essay? Simple Definition First and foremost, we need to understand what an archeology essay is. This is a form of academic writing presenting a historical or scientific argument about the human undertakings, culture, and civilization through analyzing fossil artifacts. The paper should present credible archaeological findings, data, and information about fossil such as tools, pottery among other material remains of human life. Experts Know How to Write a Good Archeology Essay If you want to write an excellent archaeological paper, you should have credible sources of information to convince and show your understanding of the subject. Therefore, writing such an essay calls for intensive research to get the relevant data. So before writing, you should decide on the topic. The point is that archeology is a large study that entails a lot of different other studies. Thus, you should identify the right topic for your essay. For instance, you may choose to use a scientific approach for your paper where you will have to include a lot of scientific findings, methodologies, and data to support your argument. What is more, you may use a historical or geographical topic that requires you to show relevant information of time and place of a particular ancient civilization existence and undertaking. Tips on How to Start an Archeology Essay Before you begin the writing process, you should ensure that you have read and understood the instructions of the assignment. Another crucial aspect to mind is the deadline. Keeping in mind and controlling these two points will help you plan and manage your time efficiently to avoid late submission and unnecessary penalties. Once you are aware of the timeframe given, you can develop a plan on how to research on the given topic. An effective way of researching is by visiting archaeological sites to get firsthand information and evidence. However, this can be a challenging task if you have limited time to write your essay and it is very common for many students since most of the writing is not done on the field but rather in the classroom or during free time. Therefore, if you have enough time, you can visit museums or history galleries to read and analyze archaeological artifacts and to have a better understanding of the subject. Visiting such places will not only give you a chance to get the firsthand information but will also help you clearly understand what you have learned in the classroom as well as from other sources such as historical journals, books, and websites. Thus, it will give you a clear picture and ideas of what to present in your essay. At the same time, when conducting research, it is essential to take notes to avoid missing crucial points when presenting your ideas. The thing is that you can refer to them when writing your paper as your mind cannot store everything you read or see. How to Structure an Archeology Essay Properly As soon as you identify the topic of your essay, you should define its purpose. A proper way to ensure that you will meet the stated objective is by drafting an outline to follow. A framework will guide you through and help you not to lose the focus or objectiveness of your essay. In general, the archeology essay structure should have a fundamental outlook containing three crucial parts, which are: An introduction A body A conclusion How to Develop Your Archeology Essay Introduction The beginning of your essay should be as enjoyable and captivating as possible. To start with, you should make this part appealing to the reader, and the best way of doing this is to start with a catchy and compelling statement. The information should also contain the information on what to expect in the entire essay, and the most appropriate way is to include brief background information about the topic you have chosen for your paper. It also in this part of the essay where you should present the main hypothesis, or thesis statement, of the work. What to Include in an Archeology Essay Body The information you have gathered when researching should be used to support your hypothesis. It is the body part of your essay that should contain a lot of relevant facts and data you have obtained while conducting research. What is more, for credibility purposes, you should cite the information sources appropriately. The use of illustrations, examples, and tables among other supportive facts will also help to show your understanding and knowledge of the topic. This is required to persuade the reader in your ideas. At the same time, when supporting the hypothesis, use a paragraph structure rather than just highlighting the points, what you might do in the draft. How to Write a Great Archeology Essay Conclusion Once you have exhausted all the critical points that you wanted to present in your essay, you can write the conclusion by summarising all the main points of the entire text. However, do not restate every detail that you have included in the paper. Instead, your conclusion should only sum up the main idea in a few sentences highlighting the objective of the text as well as the arguments to support the thesis. Like any other academic writings, archeology essays should be written using proper grammar and submitted within the provided timeframe. However, due to the nature of the archeology studies that require intensive research to find relevant information, most students face difficulties and challenges in writing excellent essays. So as a result of frustrations and lack of proper guidance, many students end up getting low grades for their assignments. To avoid such an encounter, you can contact a reliable professional writer to help with your archeology essay or any other task. In this respect, we are a reliable writing service that deals with all kinds of academic tasks. If you don’t have time to do an assignment, or you stuck with researching any archeology topic, contact us, and we will assist you. Place an essay order today, and enjoy the results!

Sociological Theories Essay Example

Sociological Theories Essay Example Sociological Theories Essay Sociological Theories Essay Social structure is a term frequently used in sociology and social theory - yet rarely defined or clearly conceptualized. In a general sense, the term can refer two; entities or groups in definite relation to each other; relatively enduring patterns of behavior and relationship within a society, or social institutions and norms becoming embedded into social systems in such a way that they shape the behavior of actors within those social systems. Social structural theory and social disorganization theory is the failure of a community structure to understand the common values of its residents and keep social control.Social disorganization theory proposes those macro social forces, such as migration and separation, interrelate with community level factors, such as concentrated hardship and family disturbance, to obstruct social disorganization. Social process theory, says that criminal conduct is a function of a socialization process. This theory says that criminals turn to crime as an effect of peer pressure, family issues, poor school performance, legal entanglements and other circumstances that slowly steer them to criminal behaviors.Social conflict theory is a theory which argues that people and groups within society have differing amounts of goods and non-material resources (rich versus poor) and that the more powerful groups use their power in order to take advantage of groups with less power. There are many different federal, state and local programs that are offered to illustrate each of these theories in order to assist those in need. Social structural theory offers programs where social workers get involved with families to provide a variety of services.Examples of these services are case management which links clients with agencies and programs that will meet their psychosocial needs, counseling and medical needs, human services management, adoption, foster care, community organizing, support, teaching, and social science study. They can assist communi ty health, hospice, hospitals, faith building resources, job training and working closely with families to maintain support. Intervention for social structure is very essential in terms of its practice and techniques. Its main goal is to improve the lives of families groups and people.Social process theories emphasize how people perceive their reality and how these perceptions structure their behavior. In other words how people tend to comprehend what exactly is happening and how their perceptions determine their behavior. (Tittle Grasmick, 1997). Programs offered for the social process theory involve mentoring programs that should, in theory, stop future criminal behavior. The thought behind mentoring programs is that an adult is paired with a child, who apparently learns from the behavior of the adult and is absolutely reinforced for good conduct.Mentoring programs include both youth and school mentoring. Federal funding for targeted mentoring programs has increased in recent yea rs for disadvantaged youth. These programs have been shown, when executed successfully, to endorse positive developmental outcomes in youth within the areas of work and school, mental and physical health, and conduct. Mentoring groups result in families’ bigger participation in school activities, more optimistic communication with family, taking part in more positive activities as a family, enhanced access to community resources, and enlarged support systems.There are benefits for mentors as well which include increased feelings of self-worth, extended support networks, joint problem-solving, expanded social and volunteer activity, enhancement in relationships with other family members, and surprising enjoyment in activities with youth. In response to social conflict, programs were generated for the purpose of creating positive social change. Programs consist of youth empowerment in all aspects. The programs organize around the problems that impact the quality of life of peop le and families.Programs also consist of helping those in prison, reproductive freedom, immigrant rights, privacy and police violence. The goal of these programs are to build and support a community of youth and others working to protect human rights and social justice and to motivate and give power to a new generation of youth to act for meaningful social change.Works cited Siegel, J. Larry Senna, J. Joseph: Study Guide for Siegel/Sennas Essentials of Criminal Justice, 5th Edition (Paperback) Tittle, C. R. , ; Grasmick, H. G. (2003).

Song of the Hummingbird Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Song of the Hummingbird - Essay Example In terms of temples, Smith illustrates that Aztec temples generally had standard types and forms. Many of their temples had high platforms or pyramids with a stairway running on one side toward one or more cult rooms. Many powerful Aztec capitals had twin-temple pyramids with two cult rooms and two stairways that are parallel to each other. Every Aztec city had one of more gods and had cults dedicated to them in the city’s temple. In the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan, two shrines were dedicated to Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc, for instance. Public ceremonies are one of the most familiar dimensions of Aztec religion to the public because of a number of movies highlighting these rituals and written records from Spanish friars and documents. Smith underscores that the Spanish sources of the Aztec human sacrifices that said that thousands were sacrificed for individual ceremonies may be biased because they wanted to make the Aztecs look inhumane as part of their colonization agenda. Smith confirms that human sacrifices were indeed part of Aztec rituals but archeological evidence is not enough to determine the exact intensity and frequency of these sacrifices. Rites of human sacrifice were connected to beliefs that human blood is sacred and that people owe debts to gods that must be repaid with human blood or life itself. The Aztecs also practiced other rituals and festivities, such as the monthly (‘Veintena’) ceremonies, new fire ceremony, and domestic rituals. Smith describes these rituals and the objects use d during these practices too. Thus, Smith’s chapter on â€Å"Aztecs† gives a useful overview on Aztec

Annotated bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Annotated Bibliography Example ternet marketing, in terms of how the online marketing influences consumer psychology and hence consumer purchasing behavior, which makes the book a must read for anybody interested in our topic. In this journal article, the authors discuss extensively online consumer information and advertising. Basically, they discuss on Internet advertising gives information to consumers online, which in turns affects their purchasing behavior; hence, the article is very relevant to this topic. In this article from The New Yorker Magazine, the author, Malcom Gladwell, examines the science of marketing and incorporates aspects of Internet marketing and their influence on the consumer. He discusses how such marketing strategies influence consumer purchasing behavior; thus, the article is very relevant to this study. In this book, the author extensively explores Internet marketing concentrating on online marketing andterming it as the newest and one of the fastest growing forms of marketing. The author argues that Internet marketing is increasingly becoming popular and that it is playing a big role in influencing consumer behavior, that is consumer purchasing behavior, which makes it very relevant to the topic of our discussion. In this article in the Time Magazine, the author, Steven Johnson, discusses how bloggers, hobbyists and diarists among others promote extensive Internet marketing and how their activities influence consumer demand and behavior. Due to this, the article is very relevant to the research, which deals with the role of Internet marketing on consumer behavior. In this article, the author, Abhilasha Mehta, touches on the issue of advertising attitudes and advertising effectiveness, where he looks at how Internet marketing is becoming a major type of advertising and how it is massively beginning to influence purchasing behavior of consumers all over the world. He emphasizes the fact that Internet marketing is becoming a very effective means of advertising in

Final exam - international law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Final exam - international law - Essay Example This was in answer to a question certified by the UN General Assembly, "Is the threat or use of nuclear weapons in any circumstance permitted under international law?" The answer was No, nuclear warfare is not permitted. Nevertheless, the Court considers that it does not have sufficient elements to enable it to conclude with certainty that the use of nuclear weapons would necessarily be at variance with the principles and rules of law applicable in armed conflict in any circumstance (The world court and the bomb, n. d) Legally, the above ruling of International court of justice clearly prohibits country B from using nuclear weapons even if country A uses chemical weapons against them. The unique characteristics of nuclear weapons made it more dangerous than the chemical weapons. Chemical weapons have less after effects compared to that of the nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons can create immense damage even after years of its use on a particular place. Hiroshima and Nagasaki are better examples of the long term damages nuclear weapons can cause not only to human generations, but also to the entire living organisms. At the same time, the question of how can country like Country B defend its sovereignty when countries like Country A uses chemical weapons. ... For example, Iraq was accused of possessing chemical weapons during the Saddam regime. Suppose, Iraq used their chemical weapons to kill Israeli people, how can Israel stay away from using nuclear weapons? That is why the international court of justice stayed away from completely banning the uses of nuclear weapons. A threat or use of nuclear weapons should also be compatible with the requirements of the international law applicable in armed conflict particularly those of the principles and rules of international humanitarian law, as well as with specific obligations under treaties and other undertakings which expressly deal with nuclear weapons (Legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons, 1996) Â  The international court of justice is of the opinion that use of nuclear weapons result in violation of various international laws like Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Geneva Conventions, The Hague Conventions etc. it urged the countries to think in terms of rule of necessity , rule of proportionality, principle of neutrality etc before using nuclear weapon. In other words, only at unavoidable circumstances like when the country’s sovereignty is jeopardy, Country B can think of using nuclear weapons. Moreover, Country B should attempt to do so only to attain neutrality in the war; not for gaining supremacy. The principles of humanitarian law are applicable both to Country A and Country B. If United Nations failed to stop Country A from using chemical weapons against Country B, then Country B would have no other options left behind. The uses of biological and chemical weapons are prohibited just like the prohibition of nuclear weapons. Under such circumstances, Country B cannot remain silent when their civilian people

The Life Of Tupac Amaru Shakur

The Life Of Tupac Amaru Shakur Tupac Amaru Shakur, also known as 2Pac, Makaveli, or Pac was an iconic American Rapper, Actor, and Social Activist. Shakurs image as a Thug, and his Thug-Life persona, appealed to fans across the nation and around the world. He is one of the best selling music artists worldwide, and considered as one of the best and the most influential Rap Artist ever. Tupacs life was unfortunately cut short, after he was shot to death in 1996, at the age of 25, but his legacy lives on to this day. 2Pac was born on June 16, 1971 in East Harlem section of Manhattan, in New York City. His mother is Afeni Shakur, who was an active member of the Blank Panther Party in the late sixties and seventies, and his biological father is Billy Garland, who also was a Black Panther member. Tupac was born a month after his mom was acquitted on more than 150 charges, which were charges against the U.S. government by the Panthers. His mother put his birth name as Lesane Parish Crooks, to disguise his true identity, because she feared that her enemies would attack her son. However, in 1972 after Afeni had separated from Garland, and had married Mutulu Shakur (2Pacs Step-Father), she renamed 2Pac, Tupac Amaru Shakur, after an Incan ruler who was sentenced to death by the Spaniards, the name Tupac Amaru means, Shining Serpent, in the Inca language. Shakur had a half-sister, Sekyiwa, who was two years younger than him, and an older stepbrother, Mopreme Shakur, who appeared on many of his recordings. 2Pac was surrounded by struggle, incarceration, murder, and more illegal activities from an early age. His mother had ties to drugs, his stepfather was wanted by the FBI, his godfather was convicted of murder and more. When he was twelve years old his mother enrolled him in Harlems 127th Street Repertory Ensemble, where he started learning and practicing acting. In 1986, the family moved to Baltimore, Maryland. At Baltimore he completed two years at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School, and then transferred to the Baltimore School for the Arts, where he studied acting, jazz, poetry and ballet. Pac used to have rap competitions with school mates and friends, and would always win. And even though he did not have flashy, trendy clothes, he was very popular because of his personality, good sense of humor, rapping skills, and his ability to mix in with a variety of crowds. During those years, Pac also developed a close relationship with Jada Pinkett Smith, and there relationship lasted until his death. In June 1988, the Shakur family moved yet again, this time to Marin City, California. Here 2Pac attended Tamalpais High School. In 1989 Shakur started to take poetry classes of Leila Steinberg. Steinberg organized a concert for Tupac, and a former group of his called Strictly Dope. This concert led to Tupac being signed, and becoming set up with the rap group Digital Underground. In 1990 Pac was hired as the groups roadie, and back up dancer. From then on, Pacs rapping career began. His skills were first debuted in 1991, as Pac had vocal turns in popular songs by Digital Underground. He began to rap with the group, and he was in their music videos. Then Pac decided to go solo. Later in 1991, he released his first solo album, 2Pacalypse Now. His debut album did not sell too well at first, because of marketing troubles, until Interscope Records started to sell his record. In 1993, Pac released his second record, Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. This record did better than the first, with hit songs like Keep Ya Head Up and I Get Around which featured members of Digital Underground. Later that year 2Pac formed the group Thug Life, with his friends, and he considered the concept of Thug Life as a philosophy of life. As his fame as a rapper started, Tupacs troubles with the authority also began and increased. In late 1991, Pac had tried to a file a ten million dollar civil suit against Oakland Police Department, claiming that he was brutally beaten for jaywalking. More problems followed. In 1992, a Texas trooper was killed by a teenager, who was listening to 2Pacalypse Now. This raised a lot of media controversy. The Vice President of the nation at the time, Dan Quayle, demanded that the album be withdrawn from music stores and the media across the nation, and denounced the album, saying it has no place in our society. However Interscope refused, and Shakur stated that his album aimed at the problems facing young black males, even though it was criticized for its images of violence towards law enforcement, and graphic language. In 1992, Tupac had an incident with people in Marin City, in which shooting was involved, this eventually led to a wrongful death suit against him in 1995, stating that hi s shooting killed a six year old in Marin City. Tests proved that neither Pac nor his entourage was the shooter. Criminal charges were not sought, and Tupac settled with the family of the boy with an amount between three hundred to five hundred thousand dollars. In late 1993, Pac and his friends had an altercation with two Atlanta off-duty police officers, again shooting was involved. One of the police was charged with firing at Shakurs car, and later lying to the police during investigation, but all charges were dropped against all parties. In 1994, he was convicted of attacking a former employer while on a music video set, and was sentenced to fifteen days in jail for that. A big case against Shakur was in November 1993, when Pac and a couple of his friends were charged with sexually abusing a woman in a hotel room. The woman accused many charges against Pac and his friends, but Pac denied the charges. He claimed that he had prior relations with the woman in his hotel room, and th at she revisited his hotel room, when the acts she claimed took place. He also claimed that he had fallen asleep shortly after she arrived, and he woke up to her accusations and threats. Most charges were dropped, but Pac was convicted of sexual abuse and was sentenced to one and a half years in a correctional facility. He later wrote in his songs, how he is not and can never be a rapist. As if the legal problems were not enough, 2Pac was robbed and shot on the night of November 30, 1994, the night before the verdict in his sexual abuse trial was to be announced. Tupac was shot five times and robbed after entering the lobby of Quad Recording Studios in Manhattan. He was shot by two armed men in army material. Doctors at the Bellevue Hospital, where he was taken immediately after the incident, stated that he had received five bullet wounds, two in the head, two in the groin and one through the arm and thigh. Tupac checked out of the hospital three hours after the surgery, against doctors orders. And he entered the courthouse in a wheelchair the day after, where he was found guilty for sexual abuse, and sentenced to a year and a half to four years in prison on February 6, 1995. Tupac would later accuse Sean Combs, Biggie Smalls, Andre Harrell for the shooting, he also suspected his close friend/associate, Randy Stretch Walker. This accusation heated the West-Coast East- Coast Rivalry. The Prison Sentence was a major experience in Pacs Life. He began serving his sentence at the Clinton Correctional Facility on February 14, 1995. Shortly afterwards, Pac released his album, Me Against the World, which became multi-platinum. He is the only artist to have an album at number one on the Billboard 200, while serving a prison sentence. The album broke records, like the highest first week sales for a solo male rap artist at the time. Shakur married his long-time girlfriend while in prison, Keisha Morris, on April 4, 1995, but they later divorced in 1996. Also during his sentence, Pac wrote a screenplay, read many books by Niccolo Machiavelli, Sun Tzus The Art of War, and other political philosophy and strategy works. After serving eleven months of his sentence, in October 1995, Pac was released mainly due to the influence of Suge Knight, the CEO of Death Row Records. Suge Knight posted a 1.4 million dollar bail in exchange for 2Pac to release three albums under the Death Ro w Label. Being a member of Death Row Records was a major part of 2Pac Rapping Career. When Pac was released he formed the group called Outlaw Immortalz, with his close people. And he went to song recording immediately. He released the double album All Eyez on Me, which were the first two albums part of his three-album commitment. The album sold over nine million copies. Pac continued his recordings with Death Row, even with the increasing problems with the label, when Dr. Dre left as producer to start his own label, Aftermath. Pac produced hundreds of track, during his time with Death Row, and most of the songs were released after his death. 2Pac also released songs like Hit Em Up with the Outlawz, lyrically assaulting Biggie and others associated with him and Bad Boy Productions. This was during the East Coast West Coast Conflict. 2Pac was also close with Rapper Snoop Dogg. On July 4, 1996 Pac performed at the House of Blues with the Outlawz, Snoop Dogg, and Tha Dogg Pound, which was his las t live performance. 2Pac also released his fifth and final studio album under the name Makaveli (from his influence of Niccolo Machiavelli), the album was The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, the album was completed (the lyrics, production and more) within seven days, hence the name. Pac also had plans of starting Makaveli Records, which would have included Outlawz, Wu-Tang Clan, Big Daddy Kane, Big Syke, and Gang Starr. The Great Rappers life was unfortunately limited. On the night of September 7, 1996, Shakur attended the Mike Tyson and Bruce Seldon boxing match at the MGM Grand, in Las Vegas. At the time Pac was engaged to Kidada Jones. After the fight Pac and his entourage along with Suge and his assistants assaulted Orlando Baby Lane Anderson, a member of the Southside Crips, because earlier that year Anderson and fellow Crips had robbed a member of the Death Row entourage. After the brawl Shakur got in Suges black 1996 BMW and they were on their way to the Death Row owned Club 662, and on the way, while at a red light, a white, four-door Cadillac rolled to their right side, opened a window and fired gunshots. Shakur was fatally wounded, and Suge was injured. They were rushed to the University Medical Center. Shakur went through many surgeries, life-support and more, unfortunately on the afternoon of September 13, 1996, Shakur died of internal bleeding, and his mother made the decision to tell t he doctors to stop the attempts to revive him. He was pronounced dead at 4:03 p.m. and the official cause was respiratory failure and cardiac arrest along with multiple gunshot wounds. Shakurs body was cremated and some of his ashes were later mixed with marijuana and smoked by members of the Outlawz. The murder case is a cold case. Due to lack of progress on the case by law enforcement, many independent investigations and theories have emerged about the murder. However, the main suspects are not found, and the case has not been solved. Tupac Shakur was not only a rapper. He was an actor; he played in several movies before his death, and was going to release more, if he had not died. And he also was a social activist. Through his music and image, he cried out to higher authorities to look out for the people in the slums and the ghettos. In his songs he explains the troubles of the people in the urban areas, he reflects on how they need help, and also gets mad at how the government does not care. He is a very big influence to people worldwide for who he represented, as in a young black male, who came out of the slums, became famous, and wanted to make a change. He was also a strong poet; his works are very inspirational and influential. In many interviews, 2Pac has claimed that he will soon try to start a political party, for the people who are not represented by the government, including African-Americans, Mexicans, Armenians and more. He was a very complex artist. He had the Thug-Life persona, of not a gangster, bu t a thug, a black male from the streets, who held his own, yet he had a soft side, and expressed it in his music. For example he addresses to Black women in the ghettos to be strong, he motivates them like in Keep Ya Head Up, and he also expresses his soft side through songs such as Dear Mama and more. He read works of Machiavelli, Maya Angelou and more. And he has said, Im not saying Im gonna change the world, but I guarantee that I will spark the brain that will change the world. Pacs legacy lives on to this day, and he is known world-wide. Rappers today always make references to him. About.com named him the most influential rapper. The Guinness Book of World Records recognized him as the highest selling rapper, he was inducted in the Hip Hop Hall of Fame in 2002, he has made it has Number 1 MC on MTV in 2003, fans have voted him as the greatest rapper of all time in the Vibe magazine poll in 2004. And he is also in the Definitive 200 list of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. He is known as the King of Rap by many. His mother has founded the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation, and the foundation has opened the Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts. Hes been in several movies, many documentaries and movies have been released about him after his death such as Tupac: Resurrection, many books have been written about his life, and five and counting albums have been made with his music, and recorded works, after his death. The Legacy of Tupac Amaru Shakur lives on today, through his fans worldwide.

Thigh Creams :: Media Self Image Papers

Thigh Creams As we approach the twenty-first century, the western world has become increasingly preoccupied with idealizing thin women. As young women are socialized they are exposed to images in the news media which perpetuates the vision that thin women are happy and successful. These are the role models to which women look up to, creating increasing pressure to live up to such an ideal. Desperate to achieve a figure that rivals Elle Mcpherson, women are willing to pay exorbitant costs, and sacrifice, trying almost anything to look like modern society's ideal woman. As the mediums available to advertisements continue to expand so do the number of products available claiming and guarantying weight loss or firming effects. Women shell out billions of dollars each year hoping that one of these "miracle" products will finally render them thin, after all thin is beautiful, right? However, a woman can be thin and still have cellulite, so does this mean that she is not beautiful? The media has taught women that cellulite is a lifelong battle that must be waged. If Cindy Crawford, Claudia Schiffer, and Rachel Hunter certainly don't have cellulite, why should the average American woman? So we are given a plethora of products to chose from which promise to make us all super models. So what is the problem? It is highly unlikely that none of the super models have cellulite, as it is an affliction which is common to women of all weight ranges. Also, super models have an advantage that the rest of us do not, their photographs may be digitally enhanced to redu ce something as unsightly as cellulite. The cosmetic industry has jumped on the opportunity to profit from women who perceive their bodies to be inadequate or at the very least, less than ideal. If these products were not hot sellers than there would not be such a variety available on the market. As a woman who has fallen prey to societal pressures and purchased two different "miracle" thigh creams, I was wondering do these creams work for others even though I, personally, didn't find much of a difference? After all a picture says a thousand words, and everyone has seen those advertisements with the before and after pictures, why hadn't I achieved such results? I was then given the motivation I needed to find out the answer when I was given an assignment to research the claims of a health product.

Have Police Managers become too bureaucratic? Essay

In the past, the police force has always been regard as guardians of law and order in the society. Today, however, the police, in particular, the police managers, are not only simply involved in enforcing the law and ensuring the stability of society, but also in assuming various political and administrative roles. In words, the police managers have more or less become involved in matters that are beyond their job description, which is to simply manage a police force. Nowadays, police leaders have become more involved in numerous paper works and even in dealings with politicians and people who have great influence and power. While there is nothing wrong with the police managers associating themselves with politicians and other people of the same type in order to possibly earn additional income, there are various risks that can greatly affect their image and career, such as corruption. Although the police manager may do his or her job of protecting his or her so-called client, he or she is also exposed to several temptations. One example of which is accepting bribes that can further result in the police manager protecting his or her client who is involved in illegal activities. Â  Furthermore, the police manager may end up being involved in criminal activities himself or herself or being or being an accessory to crime. These criminal activities may include illegal drug trafficking and child and women trafficking, among many others. In other words, due to massive corruption, the police office suddenly forgets his or her true role in society which is to uphold the law and maintain peace and order. While police corruption is one of the greatest sins against society in general, there are times when people cannot blame the police manager for becoming corrupt. One of the reasons behind this is the relatively average income that a police manager receives. Basically, since the police manager needs to earn more for himself or herself and possibly for his or her family, he or she uses resorts to various alternatives to augment his or her income. And, relatively, the easiest way for him or her to do so is to become involved in illegal activities such as accepting bribes and favors from shady people in exchange for money. However, aside from money, another factor that results in the corruption of a police manager is power. When a police manager associates himself or herself to people in power, such as business tycoons and politicians, in a way, he or she is sharing their power and influence. Â  For example, a police manager can use the influence of his or her client who is in power to dodge criminal charges. Moreover, he or she can also use the influence of his or her client to threaten other people. In addition, after some time, the police manager may end up in power himself or herself as a reward for protecting his or her client. In short, too much bureaucracy on the part of the police manager, more often than not, always leads to corruption. This is mainly due to the fact that the police manager has a relatively low salary and is always looking for ways to consolidate his or her salary.

Distance learning and telecommunications Essays

Distance learning and telecommunications Essays Distance learning and telecommunications Essay Distance learning and telecommunications Essay The process of writing a syllabus is quite an important one owing to the fact that it informs children about the policies that one must adhere to; it also gives details about the mode of operation and the assignments that are due. However, a distance learning syllabus unit requires much more detail than other usual classes in that there are no other ways in which usual learning objectives can be achieved directly. Core objectives The latter syllabus with certain information about when assignments will be handed in, classroom schedules, unanswered questions that is likely to crop up during the process of assigning these issues. The following are the major objectives of this syllabus unit; Clarifying class details Help students decide on staying within a certain lass Give details about the unit To serve as contract between the institution and the students In this latter syllabus unit, there will be details about the instructor. In this case there will be details about the department, fax, phone and fax number of the instructor. This syllabus will contain details about how to contact the instructor. (Pembrook, 2008) The syllabus unit Contact policy: The turnaround time for this course unit will be twenty four hours (i. e. the time that students can contact the instructor after giving notification. This rule applies within Mondays and Fridays. Over the weekends, twelve hour notices will be applicable. Course description: the description of this course in a full manner can be found on the registrar’s office and they are well written within the course catalog. Overly, the course unit will cover all the basic computer information. Required and course materials: the following textbooks will be required for this particular course O’Neil, K. (2008): the ABCs of computer instruction, New York, Routledge Mc Namara, T. (2008) Basic Computer skills, London, McMillan These textbooks will be the core texts and students can contact the instructor in order to know where thy can purchase. Their ISBN numbers will also be given upon contact and as they can be bought online. For this particular course, there will be a need to combine the core texts with other course information. In this case, students can log into my WPI site that will be indicated at the bottom portion of the book. Audio and video clips will be an important part of this course and they will be instrumental in ensuring the success of the program. (Pembrook, 2008) Class schedules: classes here will commence from Thursday and will progress until Sunday. Assignments will be due on Mondays at 1400 hrs GMT. Deadline extensions will be granted only after prior notice given to the instructor and they will lead to prior cancellation of work if done poorly. It should also be noted that all the files handed in must be in . doc format or in Microsoft Word 1997-2003 format. All files must be named in the following format; (number of assignment)-(name of the individual) Students can hand in their assignments in APA, MLA or Harvard referencing styles. They will be required to examine credible sources on how these can be achieved. Learning objectives: At the end of the course unit students need to be bale to do the following Open, create and store files Carry out the latter tasks in different programs Work with spreadsheets Create presentations on PowerPoint Know how to edit, format and add stylistic features in word documents Understand how to utilize other external features Utilize print options Start and run basic applications Assessment and grading: An excellent grad will be one in which all the assignments have been completed and one in which the final exam will be between 80-100 Good-79-60 Fair- 50-59 Poor -49- 0 The final exam will account for sixty percent to grade while the remaining percentage will be divided between the two assignments to be given i. e. twenty percent each. Late assignments will be penalized by ten percent of the overall grade. Technologies: the latter unit will entail use of a series of technologies to facilitate communication between the student and the instructor. Video conferencing will be important and this may involve about of countries. Correspondence will mostly be through mail between the students and the instructor. One way videos will be important too in that recorded material will be viewed across the internet. (Pembrook, 2008) Perhaps one of the most important modes of communication will be computer networking. Here, the internet and local area networks will be particularly useful. First of all, web pages will be important sources, additionally, emails and chat rooms will also be necessary to ask information about certain assignments. On top of these, databases about course contents, and course participants will be found in these respective areas. Reference Pembrook, C. (2008): Distance learning and telecommunications, NJ, Pearson Education

Discussion of the adaptations of plants Essays

Discussion of the adaptations of plants Essays Discussion of the adaptations of plants Paper Discussion of the adaptations of plants Paper Essay Topic: Discussion Salt marshes are intertidal ecosystems, surrounded by land and open to the sea by way of an estuary (Pomeroy Wiegert 1981). As a result salt marshes are constrained, by silt and saline water, to the type of communities it can sustain (Ranwell 1972). However because of the tidal nature of these ecosystems and the presence of many migratory birds we find some of the the most widley distributed plant species in the world (Ranwell 1972). The habitat is typically high in phosphates but low in nitrogen. Sulphur washed in from the sea collects in the soil and during dry periods lowers the soil pH (Chapman Reiss 2000). Essentially the main problem for salt marsh plants is that salt marsh ecosystems are perminantly waterlogged by seawater. Land plants obtain oxygen for their roots by diffusion of oxygen found in air spaces in the soil. When soil is waterlogged, water displaces oxygen from the air spaces and reduces oxygen transport to as much as 1/300000 of its original value (www.biome.ac.uk).  Most land plants are used to water that has an osmotis potential close to zero, however salt marsh plant communities have to exist in water conditions of much lower osmotic potential, approximately -2 Mpa. Most land plants subjected to such low osmotic potentials would loose water to its environment and die (www.biome.ac.uk). It is the aim of this paper to discuss some of the common mechanisms which plants colonising salt marsh habitats have evolved to make effiecient use of what oxygen is available and be able to exclude salt and absourb water or excrete any excess salt that is absourbed as a result, with reference to specific salt marsh species.  Salt-marsh plants are halophytes (Gr halos:salt + phyton:plant), meaning they can tolerate excessive salinity levels (e.g. 0.5% NaCl), and have characteristics of both terrestrial and marine environments (Pomeroy Wiegert 1981). The salinity may vary and depends on the structure of the marsh, rainfall, and how often it floods (Chapman and Reiss 2000). If rainfall is high the marsh is washed of some of its salinity and will be colonised by different species such as Limonium spp. (sea lavender) and Triglochin spp. (arrow grass) (Chapman and Reiss 2000).  Grasses and rushes, such as Spartina spp. Juncus spp. retrospectively, dominate salt marsh communities, however in the lower, muddy levels of salt marshes pioneer species such as Salicornia europaea are more common (Rose 1981) (Chapman and Reiss 2000). Many of the plants are terrestrial species and in the upper parts of the marsh, where salinity concentrations are prodominantly affected by the amount of rainfall and not tidal influences, soils similar too more obvious terrestrial habitats are witnessed (Pomeroy Wiegert 1981) (Ranwell 1972).  Plants found in more northenly located salt marshes tend to be more tollerant of higher salinities, e.g. Spartina anglica can tolerate salinities up to twice that of sea water (Ranwell 1972).  Salt marshes have a particularly low osmotic potential due to its high sodium chloride concentration. To prevent excess loss of water and to obtain water from its environment it is vital that plants maintain a lower internal osmotic potential than that of its external environment (Purvis 2001). This is a problem for non-halophytes at concentrations 0.05 M (1/10 sea water). However halophytes, subject to sea water (0.5 M), can develop internal osmotic potentials greater than 20 bars (Ranwell 1972).  There is also the problem for plants living in saline environments of the high toxicity of Na and Cl both found in high concentrations in salt marshes (Purvis 2001).  High external osmotic potential influences excess ion accumulation in the tissues of plants, resulting in irregular metabolism and for this reason plants living in salt marshes have to be highly selective in ion uptake. High external osmotic potential also has the effect of reducing plant growth, transpiration rate, water availability, and uptake of essential minerals (Ranwell 1972). No other toxic substance, worldwide, restricts plant growth more than sodium chloride (Purvis 2001). Salt marshes, like any other habitat have sub-habitats e.g. emergence marsh level, submergence marsh level, or tidal flat, which all present relatively different growing conditions for the species that occupy them. As a result we find plants that have preferences to these zones and hence have adapted a diverse array of methods to contend with the conditions the different zones subject them to. These adaptations and environmental preferences also affect limits of such things as growth, age, and clonal size (Ranwell 1972). Adaptation to saline environments has occurred in Salicornia so much so that not only can members of this species tolerate high NaCl concentrations but the ability to persist in fresh water environments has all but been lost (Ranwell 1972).  There are four different methods in which halophytes have adapted to various external osmotic potentials in order to maintain normal metabolic activities. They are ion selection, extrusion, accumulation, and dilution, of which more than one may be exhibited by any one plant (Ranwell 1972). The vast majority of salt marsh plant species are perennials with only few annuals present and confined to distinct salt marsh sub-habitats, such as Salicornia sp. and Atriplex sp. located in the pioneer and strandline zones respectively (Ranwell 1972).  The distinction that few annuals have adapted to a salt marsh environment led Chapman to describe it as a Hemicryptophyte (herbs with buds at soil level, protected by the soil itself or by dry dead portions of the plant) area (Ranwell 1972) (Thain Hickman 2000). One shared adaptation that most halophytes possess is they accumulate Na Cl ions and transport them to their leaves. The ions are stored in leaf cell vacuoles increasing the salt concentration in the tissues of halophytes and hence lowering its osmotic potential (Purvis 2001). This brings us back to an earlier statement that it is vital for plants living in saline environments to maintain a lower internal osmotic potential than that of its external environment in order to prevent water loss and so water may be taken up more effectively. An important scientific breakthrough in 1999 located a gene in the non-halophyte Arabidopsis which encodes for a Na/H ion antiport protein in the tonoplast and enables sodium uptake (Purvis 2001). Although this plant is not a common halophyte found in salt marsh environments it does help to understand how plants may evolve different methods to living in these environments.  Another adaptation of halophytes which reduces the risk of poisoning by excessive accumulation of NaLC is the formation of salt glands in their leaves. Salt, extracted by the glands, collects on the leaf surface and is removed by wind or rain. Osmotic potential in the leaf will inevitable become more negative as salt is excreted by the salt glands; this generates an increase in the osmotic potential gradient thus enabling the leaf to obtain water from the root more readily (Purvis 2001). The amino acid proline, is often stored in the vacuoles of halophytes which acts to lower the plants tissues osmotic potential (Purvis 2001).  The saline nature of a salt marsh makes it particularly difficult for plants to obtain water. For this reason a common characteristic of halophytes is succulence, which acts as a water reserve. This water reserve can be used when NaCl concentrations are high, e.g. evaporation in the soil during low tide.  Many succulent halophytes use crassulacean acid metabolism, a metabolic pathway which allows plants to store CO2 at night and then photosynthesis during the day with stomata closed. Reversed stomatal cycles also allow halophytes to conserve water by closing them during daylight periods (Purvis 2001). Damage by wave action is a serious threat to plants living in certain zones of the salt marsh; therefore many species have morphological adaptations as a result. Salicornia for example presents minimum leaf appendages by reducing to a phylloclade form, however it still maintains adequate photosynthetic surface for the high light level habitat in which it inhabits (Ranwell 1972). Water-logging is a characteristic of most salt marshes, particularly in the lower zones and as a result oxygen diffusion rates are low. During spring and summer algal blooms e.g. Pleurosigma colonize high level tidal flats and produce millions of small oxygen bubbles on the surface of the water-logged mud. Salicornia take advantage of the better conditions with regards to oxygen availability by germinating in April May with most of its growth occurring during the summer months (Ranwell 1972).  This is more obviously an ecological adaptation to saline environments; however this is just as important to understand as morphological adaptations are in plants existing in salt marsh habitats. Pappus hairs found on the seeds of Aster tripolium aid dispersal. The seeds tend to stick together as a result and more often than not are dispersed by water with only few dispersed by the wind. This type of dispersal adaptation allows Aster to colonize open ground, within the salt marsh, relatively quickly (Ranwell 1972).  Spartina has many specific adaptations to existing in more seaward zones of the salt marsh, which allows it to out-compete most other species for these sub-habitats. Spartina has been successful in these zones due to a type of polyploidy which promotes rapid growth, large size, and high fertility. High phenotypic plasticity also allows Spartina to take advantage of this zone by elongating its stems (as much as 15 cm yearà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) to penetrate aggregating mud in both pioneer and mature salt marshes (Ranwell 1972). Other adaptations that enable Spartina to successfully colonise more seaward zones include large seeds with substantial food reserves, rapid shoot root growth, deep anchor roots, and shoots well supplied with air spaces (Ranwell 1972). In conclusion Salt marsh habitats are intertidal ecosystems sustaining widley distributed plant communities which can exist in an environment which is typically high in phophates, low in nitrogen, has a low soil pH, suffers from waterlogging, and a low osmotic potential.  The main problems for salt marsh plants is low oxygen diffusion rates and a low osmotic potential due to daily waterlogging by sea water.  High osmotic potential results in reduced plant growth, transpiration rate, water availability, and uptake of essential minerals and due to the toxicity of Na Cl, excessive accumilation can result in irregular metabolism. All salt marsh plants are halophytes, tolerating excessive saline levels (0.5% NaCl), with Spartina anglica for example capable of tolerateing salinities twice that of sea water.  To prevent excessive water loss and to obtain water salt marsh plants maintain a lower internal osmotic potential than that of its external environment.  Halophytes have evolved four different methods to maintain normal metabolic activities in various external osmotic potentials; ion selection, extrusion, accumulation, and dilution.  Accumulation involves the plant transporting and storing Na Cl ions to their leaf cell vacuoles. Salt glands often found in the leaves of salt marsh plants extracts salt which collects on the leaf surface and is removed by wind or rain.  Succulence is a common characteristic of halophytes acting as a water reserve and can dilute high NaCl concentrations for example at low tide.  These methods are all effective in lowering internal osmotic potential and increasing the osmotic potential gradient thus enabling the leaf to obtain water from the root more readily.  Crassulacean acid metabolism allows halophytes to store CO2 at night and conserve water during the daylight periods by photosynthesising with closed stomata. Ecological adaptation include for example adaptation by Salicornia to low oxygen diffusion rates takes advantage of millions of oxygen bubbles produced on the surface of waterlogged mud in high level tidal flats by algal blooms.  Morphological adaptations include for example adaptation by Salicornia to reduce damage by wave action by reducing to a phylloclade form thus presenting minimum leaf appendages.  It is clear that most of these evolved adaptations are a result of plants attempting to survive in an environment which is subject to especially low oxygen diffusion rates and in particullay low osmotic potentials. Reference List www.biome.ac.uk  Chapman, L.J. M.J. Reiss (2000) Ecology principals applications, University press; Cambridge  Pomeroy, L.R. R.G. Wiegert (1981) The ecology of a Salt Marsh, Springer-Verlag Inc; New York  Purvis, W.K., D Sadava, G.H. Orians, H.C. Heller (2001) Life: The science of biology, Sinauer associates; Massachusettes

Differences between Basic Trauma Life Support and Advanced Trauma Life Research Paper

Differences between Basic Trauma Life Support and Advanced Trauma Life Support - Research Paper Example This has been attributed to the increase a number of diseases to young people, increase in disability cases and a great loss of young productive life, which in turn has brought about socio-economic losses to the society at large. This great loss of life has attracted public interest as well as public health community and civic organizations attention to come up and formulate strategies that can prevent or improve the damages caused by injuries (Cales, 1-8). Differences between Basic Trauma Life Support and Advanced Trauma Life Support Among the strategies that have been formulated to decrease injury burdens are the health care provisions. These have reduced the rate of deaths from injuries as well as the rate of disability caused by these injuries. In the last decade most high income countries have witnessed reductions in trauma mortality of up to 15%-20%. This has been attributed to improved systems of trauma care within the health communities. In many developed countries, health co mmunities have introduced and are implementing trauma life support systems. This is pre-hospital care that includes both the basic trauma life support and advanced trauma life support. This has been due to the fact that most patients with injuries arrive at the hospital by means of private transport and need a lot of pre-hospital care hence it’s being adopted by health communities in many countries (Cales, 1-8). ... This paper however is more concerned with noting the difference between the basic trauma life support and the advanced trauma life support as well as those patients that are exposed to basic trauma life support and advanced life support in California (Isenberg and Bissell, 265-270). Empirical studies show that pre-hospital care is classified into two categories. The basic trauma life support and advanced trauma life support. These two categories are mainly differentiated by the methods used in their application. In the case of advanced trauma life support, sophisticated methods such as airway management, intravenous fluids infusions, synchronized cardio version, cardiac monitoring, electrocardiogram interpretation, medications and intubation are used (Klemen and Grmec, 1250-1254). On the other hand, in the cases of basic trauma life support, simple noninvasive methods such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation, bleeding control, splinting broken bones, artificial ventilation, basic airway management and administration of oral or rectal medications are used to prevent further injuries. In the case of transportation of a patient, advanced trauma life support requires a ground ambulance or a helicopter with physicians or paramedics (Lee et al., 815-819). On the other hand, basic trauma life support can be applied within any means of transportation as well as given by paramedics or emergency medical technicians since it does not require the sophisticated methods used in the advanced trauma life support. Although basic trauma life support does not use the same methods as advanced trauma life support, advanced trauma life support does use the

Caring for your Local Voluntary Organisation Essay

Caring for your Local Voluntary Organisation - Essay Example Whatever be the source of the funds, all governments today stress the need for efficient Non-governmental bodies to transform the life of the people. In the UK, they form a part of the government's planning process n local administration as well. Today, the role of an NGO is not debated, only their efficiency is. Organisations such as the UN have now shifted their focus from working with governments in the developing world to NGOs who have a massive contact with the people and work with them for consistent local benefits. NGO's impart a huge service to every nation in terms of its socio-economic development while governments in most cases are restricted to setting up the rules and the supporting infrastructure. Voluntary organisations work closely with the people and are more efficient in bringing out any sustainable benefits to the locality in terms of health care and education. Since the NGO draws a large number of volunteers, who are more committed to the cause they are working on , the efficiency levels of these bodies are very much on the higher side - they are more focussed and committed than many governmental organisations. A large number of these volunteers have different educational degrees and are mostly overqualified for their work. The organisation will also have a large pool of ideas to address any particular problem than a body in the public sector. Mostly all voluntary organisations are run by local members of the society and this means that they have more contact with the people and more information about the problems they face. Networking of the LVOs is a much simpler method to achieve social change than very expensive and cumbersome state run mechanisms. While managing Voluntary associations was considered an easy job in the sixties, it has become more complicated today. The governments in various countries have various rules and regulations that govern the formation and functioning of Voluntary Organisations. Besides these, management of Voluntary organisations also have become a task that is highly specialised in nature. They call for management skills and vitality in time management apartment from monitoring and re-orienting the efforts of the volunteers. The local voluntary organisation is a company registered under the companies act as a charity registered under the charities act. This heterogeneity means that it is both a company and a charity organisation. The guarantors of the organisation are the board members of charity. The Companies Act demands that the board is liable to the company and so the guarantors of the Local Voluntary Organisation is also liable to a sum of money that is limited to their memorandum and articles of association. The guarantors comprise the board of directors and form the executive committee. Registration also places the LVO under the Charities Act and hence the regulatory commission has specified that the board of trustees should have no pecuniary interest in the charity and their primary objectives should be only social good. The legal frame works apart, a local voluntary organisation should have a good governance system that will help it deliver the goodies to the masses. This can take